Introduction A drug can be described as any matter which when taken up into the body of a living creature, changes its usual physical functions. On the other hand, cognitive enhancement is the magnification or expansion of the main aptitudes of the brain, through upgrading or extension of internal or...
Introduction Cardiovascular disease is one of the areas where disparities in health as determined by race have been well documented. Of particular concern is the fact that racism or racial segregation is not restricted to the individual but easily extends to vital social institutions; whereby the individual is defined by...
Research Problem/Purpose or Question Hypothesis The article under consideration dwells upon the skin-to-skin contact after cesarean delivery. The background for the research is the information that children suffer from mild hypothermia after cesarean delivery. The main purpose of the research was to compare the temperature of mothers and infants just...
Cigarette smoking is harmful to health; smoking is associated with lung cancer, emphysema and heart diseases. Smokers are at a high risk of suffering from the above-named health conditions as opposed to non-smokers. Of all the varieties of cigarettes in the market, none is safe. All predispose smokers to smoking-related...
Introduction Health care systems are characterized by a lot of complexity and dynamism. This complexity and dynamism are brought about by factors that surround the health care environment. The factors, most of them being regulatory, affect the performance of the healthcare system as a whole and also affect each specific...
Abstract Medicare health care, by far, forms the crux of current patient health care delivery systems in the United States. But it would not be a travesty of truth to admit that such Medicare and allied Medicaid systems are meant for the rich segments of society and not really for...
President Obama’s administration healthcare reform bill is expected to bring the much-needed healthcare reform by extending healthcare benefits to millions of Americans who do not have healthcare insurance. But a closer look reveals that not all Americans will benefit from these reforms. These groups include taxpayers, the elderly, healthy young...
Introduction Being a labor-intensive industry, health care and human resources are important inputs into providing health care. A global perspective will still show that health care systems are underdeveloped, under-researched, and poorly managed even in developed countries (Bloor and Maynard, 2003). Most nations had only a partial planning approach and...
Introduction Clinical data storage and its management have reached new dimensions with the introduction of AMA Code of Medical Ethics. This code provides directives as to how to collect medical data of a patient and how it must be stored and monitored for diverse uses. The clinical management of Electronic...
Introduction Information technology has brought major changes in how things are done. With many information elements to manage, information systems have brought easier ways for managing information and integrating with various departments in a business, institution or government. Among areas where information systems have been used successfully is health sector....
Although effective in secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease as well as in the treatment of myocardial infarction, acetylsalicylic acid use in primary prevention of cardiovascular disease has remained controversial. The journal article addresses the question of the effectiveness of acetylsalicylic acid in primary prevention of cardiovascular events in women. The...
Introduction Compared to the developing nations the overall health status of the American population is much better. However, when compared to other developed countries, the United States ranks rather poorly. Effects of social determinants of health have been blamed for this situation. Social determinants of health define how the social...
Introduction Hospitals have undergone tremendous changes over the past twenty years. This has been in line with the many pressures that hospitals have been facing during the same period of time. These pressures include increased patient loads; higher operating costs; lower budgetary appropriations; lack of adequate medical staff; and inadequate...
Introduction Managers in the most successful organizations in the world apply appropriate management theories in their decisions. The application of a management theory does not necessarily assure an organization success but depends on the appropriateness of the theory used to solve the problem in hand. It is advisable for an...
Introduction Hypertension is a condition whereby the blood pressure is gradually elevated to levels that can lead to organ damage. The normal blood pressure level is below 120/80 and levels that are greater than 140/90 constitute hypertension. This condition, leads to such illnesses as heart attacks, renal failures or even...
The United States has been known to have the best healthcare services in the world but shortcomings are becoming more evident (University of Maine, 2001). The healthcare system is not working as well for all the people of the US. A good healthcare system has to ensure good health to...
Hospitals are a significant element of the medical care setting and are the key to the reform procedures though they have gotten little interest from the investigators and important persons. They are essential since they are responsible for a considerable percentage of the medical care budget. Secondly, hospitals’ situation at...
Introduction Health law includes the relationship between the rights and responsibilities of patients, health care experts and to some extent the government. For many years, the health insurance policy in the US has been under the jurisdiction of individual states, but the latest developments have proposed for interstate health insurance...
Introduction Any form of mental illness has been for a long time and for many societies around the world considered as a stigma. It is in most cases difficult to understand, by the patient or individual himself, much less by the people around him no matter how close they may...
Advantages of a National Health Insurance System A national health insurance system (NHIS) provides insurance to everyone through payments by the Government for the stipulated health costs of the people. Such a program grants the benefit of providing access for the people to any health professional who is working on...
Introduction Euthanasia may be a right or wrong decision. However, it needs to be considered as a pro-choice decision. Euthanasia or physician-assisted suicide is a highly debated issue. This issue is outlawed in almost all major countries. This essay discusses the arguments for and against the concept of euthanasia. Description...
Introduction Euthanasia has been one of the most controversial and heatedly debated topics in healthcare and politics. The word Euthanasia means a “good death,” “beneficial death” or a ‘dignified death’ (Bernards, pp.153). It’s an intentionally administered death to a patient of a fatal injury or disease and is administered with...
Fundamental Purposes of SCHIP While assessing from many angles, the SCHIP should be considered as a successful program in achieving the fundamental purposes for which the program was formulated. The program has enabled millions of children to have access to healthcare, which they would not have otherwise availed. SCHIP has...
Introduction Looking for a controversial topic in medicine, the most difficult aspect is not the topic on which the opinions were divided, but the topic which in itself is difficult to judge. Such topic is the issue of euthanasia. Euthanasia can be defined as any action performed with the purpose...
The word Euthanasia originated from the Greek language; “eu” means “good” and thanatos means “death”. Some people define euthanasia to include both voluntary and involuntary termination of life (Robinson, 2002). One of the most common forms of euthanasia is the so-called physician assisted suicide which is normally done with a...
The present paper discusses the main characteristics of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) Privacy Rule and a set of common debates, misuses, and misunderstandings happening concerning it. The Privacy Rule primarily concerns the protection of privacy of individuals having medical insurance and their medical authority....
Introduction Healthcare, being a labor-intensive industry requires a large number of employees to provide, billing for services provided and recording especially for larger institutions. The allied health workers represent 60% of the United States’ healthcare system workforce, while the other percentage represents healthcare professionals. They help other professionals by evaluation,...
Changing the US Health Care System: Key Issues in Health Services Policy and Management. Edition 3. John Wiley and Sons. Pp. 693. The author contributed to the description of health care system change observed in the USA taking into account the most important issues in health care policy development, such...
Clinical trials are a well-known part of the drug development process and after successive stages of research and animal testing, the last phase involves trials on human subjects. Informed consent and other ethical and legal formalities are an essential tool and part of the trial, after which the drug is...
Diabetes has been ranked as the fourth killer disease worldwide by the International Diabetes Federation (IDF). According to the World Health Organization (WHO), more than 180 million people have diabetes and the figure is expected to increase to 380 million by 2025. In addition, about 2.9 million people die each...
The PEN-3 model has been originally developed, to be adopted as a health education framework, to be used for disease prevention in the African countries. The model comprises of three dimensions of health beliefs and behaviors, which are related and dependent on each other. The second dimension of Educational Diagnosis...
Introduction It has been established that the human papillomaviruses (HPVs) cause cervical cancer. According to (medicine.jwatch.org), there are about 1400 women diagnosed with cervical cancer daily. When taken in sum, the daily diagnosis translates to a more alarming data of some 500,000 new cases and 276000 deaths yearly. The American...
Introduction Organizational change is the adoption of a new idea or behavior by the organization. The environment, whether it is internal or external, keeps on changing and it is the task of the organization to be structured in such a way so as to respond to the changes by changing...
Introduction There has been much debate on the issue of healthcare services in the United States. One major point in the debate has been whether the healthcare in the country qualifies as a system given the various disparities in efficiency, cost of care, fairness, access to health care, and quality...
The heath information system in any health care organization setting would ensure proper billing, cost control, quality control especially when the information system provides demonstrable cost saving and patient retention. The introduction of health information system in any organization requires a thorough understanding of the basic principles of health informatics....
Reasons behind failure of E.H.R adoption Reasons behind the lack of adoption of the Electronic Health Record (EHR) vary according to patients’ settings. The settings are inpatients and outpatients but the adoption rates are too low in both cases. (Ash and Bites, 8) The main determining factors include but are...
That the ineffective healthcare system needs a substantial an immediate renovation is indisputable. Americans of every political ideology agree that too many people and their families are uninsured or underinsured and that health care costs are higher than necessary but, generally speaking, Republican and Democratic lawmakers clash on the solution....
Discussion The aspect of culture impacts the way people view the world, and it is how they perceive the world that influences what they believe in and how they perform things, specifically with regard to practices related to health, dying and death. Patients and family in critical nursing care setting...
Canada’s healthcare system is guided by the Canada heath act of 1984. The health services are offered to all permanent residents of Canada regardless of their income level. The healthcare policy is fully applicable within Canada but one can be reimbursed a proportion of the cost incurred for medical care...
The Roy adaptation model was first propounded by Sr. Callista Roy of the Sisters of St.Joseph. It is a deductive theory like most of the other theories of nursing. The focus is on the inter-relatedness of four adaptive systems: physiological and psychosocial adaptations are possible. (McEwen and Wills, 2007) Johnson’s...
The notion of an integrated healthcare information system has attracted significant interest because of advances in digital communications and hospital information technologies. Patients are also demanding high-quality healthcare services that do not compromise their time and geographical location. The lack of real-time information regarding patients’ health conditions usually leads to...
Introduction According to Freeth, Hammick, Reeves, Koppel & Barr (2005, cited in Learning and teaching for inter-professional practice Australia, 2009, p. 6), inter-professional practice is a term used to imply the condition where two or more professionals work together for a common purpose, commitment and mutual respect. Across the whole...
Such notion as system has a great number of definitions; on the whole, it can be interpreted as a set of dependent or independent elements which form a single entity, for example, the state or governmental institutions (Parson, 1991). Most importantly, each constituent part of the whole may fulfill different...
Introduction – changing healthcare environment and role of the nurse The nursing profession has evolved during the last century to cope with new demands and new issues. Nurses today are required to provide a wide range of services independently and several other services in collaboration with other healthcare providers (CUSN,...
Fall prevention Various literature reviews on falls among the elderly population have been conducted and implement to effectively educate old people on preventive measures and methods of dealing with risks of falls such as exercises. Literature review we are going to look at in this chapter concentrates on incidence of...
HIV infection is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus that attacks the immune system of the body. It is a severe condition that affects millions of people around the globe. It found its way into the United States in 1960, and since then, it has taken millions of lives throughout...
Introduction Social determinants of health can influence an individual’s well-being and health outcomes. Immigrant populations are among the most affected groups by adverse social determinants of health. Given the challenges experienced by this populace, it is crucial to identify and address the systematic issues contributing to health disparities. This paper...
Introduction Asthma is a condition that affects people of any age and poses a serious threat to health and life. It is usually classified as a chronic disorder that blocks the airways, causes inflammation and/or hyperresponsiveness (Arcangelo, Peterson, Wilbur, & Reinhold, 2017). The disease is rather widespread in the United...
In the 20th century, the health care industry of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) was scarce, and it could not provide adequate services to its populations. This idea is supported by the fact that Makkah only had three private hospitals then, including Al Qabbani Hospital, Al-Sharif Hospital, and Al...
Bedsores are wounds that appear on bony parts of the body as a result of pressure or rubbing. They pose a threat to a patient’s overall health, and their treatment may be costly for caregivers. Hence, it is essential to develop bedsores’ treatment strategies and implement them in hospitals. This...
Introduction Services rendered by healthcare organizations primarily operate on the decisive collection, analysis, and exchange of clinical information. In the healthcare industry in the 21st century, knowledge and connection between healthcare organizations and parties of interest like public hospitals, clinics, and patients and administrators have become a necessity. There is...
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder commonly denoted as AD/HD refers to a medical diagnosis of a behavioural condition that encompasses a diverse group of disruptive behaviours. This assortment of behaviours can have numerous effects and causes and their features merge with the normal behaviours. Attention-deficit/ hyperactivity are a clinical diagnostic label assigned when...
Introduction Tobacco smoking is one of the major causes of death in Australia. More than 10,000 tobacco-related deaths are reported in Australia every year. The government of Australia estimates the social costs associated with smoking, health costs included is over $ 31.5 billion yearly (Hall ). The essay discusses the...
With a population of over 130 million people, Japan is a country that boasts of above average score in its ability to provide quality health care services to its citizens. This is translated in its lowest infant mortality rate in the world and longest life expectancy levels. A comparative analysis...
Healthcare is one of the important elements of a healthy state. Usually, healthcare is funded by general taxation and all residents receive It is important to note that even under the centrally controlled National Health Service, approximately 30 percent of all elective surgery is performed outside the governmental system. In...
The ability to move is a very important aspect of organisms’ lives. Locomotion in organisms is normally controlled by the body muscles and the bones, and together with the two forms of what is known as musculoskeletal coordination; this structure conceals the interior body structures from injuries and also enhances...
Introduction Cancer is an ailment that causes the cells of the body to change and grow out of control. There are many types of cancers, most of which are named after specific parts of the body where the tumor originates from. A tumor is a mass or lump formed by...
The Evolving Macro Business Environment Change Drivers The National Health Service is a public organization which takes care of the medical and health related problem of the citizens of the United Kingdom (Mellet, H., 1995). The basic function of this organization is to cater to the public health requirements and...
Introduction Living a healthy lifestyle is everyone’s desire and all human being must strive at all cost to achieve this. Current lifestyle in the modern society for example excessive consumption of processed food , lack of exercise are to blame for increasing rate of cancer, stress, diabetes, and obesity in...
Introduction According to Shi & Singh (2008), the United States of America has a health care delivery system that is, one of its own kind. It does not resemble any other delivery system in the health care in the world. This structure has for a long period been characterized as...
Introduction In this day and age, many factors are affecting the way people live and think. These factors are also known as social issues and they are matters affecting members of a given community, either directly or indirectly (Ginzberg, 1992). Society considers these issues to be problems normally associated with...
Introduction The debate on whether the American Health Care system is fit for her people is raging. Several people have issued conflicting ideas on whether it should be scrapped and a new one adopted or whether it should be left the way, it is because it is the envy of...
Introduction In present day society, many people have reported seasonal changes in their energy and eating patterns, sleeping patterns and to a lesser degree, changes in their moods that have necessitated research into the causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of such seasonal changes. All these changes however take place at...
Introduction It is important to kick off the discussion by giving an insight as to what autism means. In a nutshell, autism is a spectrum disorder, what this essentially means is that it affects people in varied ways and a continuum of severity or developmental impairment. Individuals on the autism...
Normal psychology vs. Abnormal psychology The word “normal” may differ in its meaning in different contexts of use, in societies, or in various groups of people. Literally, a person is normal if he or she exhibits the common behaviors as per the expectation of the particular society he or she...
Introduction Worldwide there are now at least 124 million people who have diabetes and of that number 97% have type 2 diabetes (English & Williams, 2001). This figure is predicted to reach 221 million by the year 2010 (English & Williams, 2001). In the year 2000 there were 17 million...
Thesis: Abortion should not be legalized. There are however a few exceptions towards such an approach. Abortion can be allowed in cases of rape, incense, where the life of a woman is in danger because of a pregnancy or where a fetus is severely malformed. It is an intentional killing...
Outline The government of Canada funds health care for all people who are permanent residents through the money generated from the tax. The poor and the rich enjoy the services in their respective provinces and territories where coverage of hearing aids and prescription of drugs is provided. There is a...
Basic principles and the process of colonization of Australia There are four basic principles that led to the colonization of Australia by the British. These include “intellectual capacity and scientific climate of that time, basic xenophobia and ethnocentrism, violence within the cultural boundaries and the protestant industrialization and Ethic” Eckermann,...
Introduction Nurses and doctors share a common goal of ensuring optimum health status and maximizing the comfort of their patients. However, for a long time, the physician-nurse relationship has been one of physician dominance and deference from the nurses rather than a more collaborative relationship. Traditionally, the doctor-nurse relationship has...
Abstract Patient medical records are prepared and maintained for various reasons such as to provide details for the patient’s care and for financial purposes. For many years, especially before the invention of computers, health care providers used paper files to document patient details and any other relevant medical work. After...
Introduction Stem cells are the cells that are found virtually in all organisms that are multi-cellular. They have the ability of regenerating themselves through a process known as mitotic cell division. They are also capable of diversifying themselves into various cells which are specialized. There are currently two broad mammalian...
Abortion has been and continues to be a topic of debate among different people. There are religious groups that say that the act of abortion is morally wrong and is not acceptable. There are feminine groups that say that it is the woman’s right to decide to have a baby...
The subject of our health care system can be a highly politicized and partisan issue of debate, however, virtually all Americans agree that improvements can and should be made. One proposal for improving health care in America is to implement a universal health care plan. The goal of a universal...
Alzheimer’s disease is often referred to as the “disease of the century” and is found to afflict approximately 4 million Americans, mostly those over the age of 65. It is the harshest of all incurable diseases because it hits its victim twice. First, the mind dies, slowly and irrevocably, until...
Introduction Since mid-seventies, the prevalence of obesity has been on the increase for both children and adults in America. The increasing rates are raising concerns due to their implications for the Americans’ health. Being obese or overweight increases the vulnerability to many diseases and health conditions. The American policy regarding...
Abstract Smoking is inhaling smoke produced by a plant material burning. There is a wide variety of plant materials that are used for smoking and the most common of them are marijuana and tobacco. Of the two, the most widely used in the world is tobacco smoking because it is...
Thank you for inviting me here today. It is my plan to speak to the board of the hospital about the history of tobacco, its original purpose, and the medical concerns that smoking raises and the proposal as well as the cost effectiveness of an anti-smoking program with emphasis on...
Introduction Multiple approaches have been discovered to be more effective than single approach in treatment of personality disorder. Therapists have shifted significantly to multiple approaches as a major change in psychological treatment of personality disorder. It is quite imperative to note that are several approaches for psychological treatment of personality...
Factors that may influence the supply and demand for nurses. Migration The movement of nurse’s especially young ones greatly influences the supply of nurses. The net movement of nurses from one state to another means shortages are experienced and this calls for new or more supplies. Out- migrations are the...
Various sociological theories have been formulated to explain the adulthood and aging process. The study aimed at understanding the aging process is called gerontology; it focuses on the biological, psychological, and social characteristics of old age. The aging theories attempt to explain why the losses of the physiologic roles happen...
The survival of Health care organizations relies on a wide range of factors where the patient information constitutes the superior position and challenging task to the medical professionals. The intervention of authorities and governing bodies have contributed to the development of certain laws to secure patient information to maintain their...
Introduction Childhood obesity is a major health issue that has emerged in today’s world. Be it a developed country or a developing country, this problem has spread like an epidemic. This is a very serious issue and many parents are still not aware about the seriousness of this issue. Throughout...
Introduction According to Van Beurdenn et al (1998) estimated one-third of all U.S. adults less than 65 years of age fall each year. In addition, falls have become the leading cause of injury-related hospitalization as well as deaths for elderly Americans. Injured and fatalities comprise about 13% of the overall...
Introduction The subject of legal abortion has lead to a nationwide, often emotion-filled, debate that has endured for many years and will for many years to come. People are decidedly either in the ‘pro-choice’ or ‘pro-life’ camp. There are no compromises to be negotiated: one concerned with the life of...
Introduction The World Health Organization defines health as a condition of “physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity” (World Health Organization, 2008). While the type of food consumed has an overall effect on the health and well-being of individuals, research has confirmed that...
There are distinctive functions related to the health records of patients. The patient’s record is used to document care and providing legal as well as financial information. Patient health records help in research activities and are also useful for qualitative purposes. All types of information related to the patient must...
Introduction The benefits to society by the introduction of new medical technologies have been considerable. For example, the introduction of vaccines and antibiotics has significantly improved the well-being of people all over the globe. The science of stem cell treatments, potentially as or more significant than these other innovations, is...
Introduction Smoking is a habit that has been depressed for many generations of humankind without much success. Perhaps, it can be said that it has become a necessary evil in the midst of humans. The only creation which invented the art of smoking and which has suffered all its consequences...
The subject of legal abortion has lead to a nationwide, often emotion-filled, debate that has endured for many years and will for many years to come. People are decidedly either in the ‘pro-choice’ or ‘pro-life’ camp. There are no compromises to be negotiated: one concerned with the life of a...
Introduction There are two major types of diabetes disorders namely diabetes mellitus type 1 and type 2 respectively. Both the two types of diabetes mellitus make the body’s blood sugar levels to become more than usual. Although this two types of the disease causes high blood sugar levels in different...